法國(guó)的讓-梅里厄P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室
【儀表網(wǎng) 行業(yè)上下游】隨著埃博拉疫情的日益嚴(yán)峻，美國(guó)疾控中心和世界衛(wèi)生組織拉響埃博拉疫情警報(bào)，這也使媒體對(duì)埃博拉病毒關(guān)注的目光，紛紛轉(zhuǎn)向研究埃博拉病毒的利器——P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
生物安全實(shí)驗(yàn)室共分4級(jí)(Biosafety Level 1-4)，生物安全4級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室又常被稱(chēng)為P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，P指Pathogen（病原）or Protection（保護(hù)）。生物安全4級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室是生物安全研究領(lǐng)域的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，其造價(jià)也是昂貴的，因此數(shù)量很少。即使是在范圍內(nèi)，生物安全4級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室也只有56個(gè)，這還包括一些正在建設(shè)中的。
56家P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室
| 序號(hào) | 名 字 | 位 置 | 建設(shè)時(shí)間 | 說(shuō) 明 |
| 1 | Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health | Australia, Queensland, Coopers Plains | ||
| 2 | Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) | Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea | 2013 | |
| 3 | University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women's Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3) | Australia, Queensland, Herston | ||
| 4 | Australian Animal Health Laboratory | Australia, Victoria, Geelong | ||
| 5 | National High Security Laboratory | Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne | National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. | |
| 6 | Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology | Belarus, Minsk | Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies | |
| 7 | National Microbiology Laboratory | Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg | Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. | |
| 8 | Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | China, Hubei, Wuhan | 2003 | Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli. |
| 9 | Biological Defense Center | Czech Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín | 1971, rebuilt 2003-2007 | Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13] |
| 10 | Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux | France, Rhône-Alpes, Lyon | Jean Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4. | |
| 11 | Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville | Gabon | This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4). | |
| 12 | Robert Koch Institute | Germany, Berlin | The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008. | |
| 13 | Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine | Germany, Hamburg | ||
| 14 | Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems | Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald) | 2010 | Deals especially with virology |
| 15 | Philipps University of Marburg | Germany, Marburg | 2008 | The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms |
| 16 | High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL) | India, Bhopal | 1998 | This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats. |
| 17 | Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology | India, Hyderabad | 2009 | National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine. |
| 18 | All India Institute of Medical Sciences | India, New Delhi | 1993 | Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines. |
| 19 | Microbial Containment Complex | India, Pune | 2012 | Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology |
| 20 | Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco | Italy, Lombardy, Milan | A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons. | |
| 21 | Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive | Italy, Lazio, Rome | This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital. | |
| 22 | National Institute for Infectious Diseases | Japan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama | Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities. | |
| 23 | Institute of Physical and Chemical Research | Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba | This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility. | |
| 24 | Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) | Netherlands, Bilthoven | 2009 | |
| 25 | Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI) | Romania, Bucharest | ||
| 26 | "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital | Romania, Bucharest | ||
| 27 | State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR | Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo | It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled. | |
| 28 | National Institute for Communicable Diseases | South Africa, Johannesburg | National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent. | |
| 29 | Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control | Sweden, Solna | Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia's P4 facility. | |
| 30 | University Hospital of Geneva | Switzerland | ||
| 31 | Spiez Laboratory | Switzerland, Spiez | ||
| 32 | Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽(yáng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室) Center of Disease Control | Taiwan | Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan. | |
| 33 | Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense | Taiwan | ||
| 34 | Health Protection Agency's Centre for Infections | United Kingdom, Colindale | Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit. | |
| 35 | National Institute for Medical Research | United Kingdom, London | ||
| 36 | Institute for Animal Health | United Kingdom, Pirbright | ||
| 37 | Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory | United Kingdom, Compton | ||
| 38 | Defence Science and Technology Laboratory | United Kingdom, Porton Down | ||
| 39 | Health Protection Agency | United Kingdom, Porton Down | Special Pathogens Reference Unit. | |
| 40 | Health Protection Agency | United Kingdom, Porton Down | Botulism. | |
| 41 | Francis Crick Institute[22] | United Kingdom, London | Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents. | |
| 42 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | United States, Georgia, Atlanta | Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. | |
| 43 | Georgia State University | United States, Georgia, Atlanta | Is an older design "glovebox" facility. | |
| 44 | National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University | United States, Kansas, Manhattan | Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed. | |
| 45 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) | United States, Maryland, Bethesda | Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents. | |
| 46 | Integrated Research Facility | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest. | |
| 47 | National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security. | |
| 48 | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | 1969 | Old building |
| 49 | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | 2017 | New building, currently under construction |
| 50 | National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University | United States, Massachusetts, Boston | Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval. | |
| 51 | NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories | United States, Montana, Hamilton | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | |
| 52 | Kent State University, Kent Campus | United States, Ohio, Kent | Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA. | |
| 53 | Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility | United States, Texas, Galveston | Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23] | |
| 54 | Shope Laboratory | United States, Texas, Galveston | Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). | |
| 55 | Texas Biomedical Research Institute | United States, Texas, San Antonio | The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US. | |
| 56 | Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services | United States, Virginia, Richmond | This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity. |
P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室適用于對(duì)人體具有高度危險(xiǎn)性，通過(guò)氣溶膠途徑傳播或傳播途徑不明，目前尚無(wú)有效的疫苗或治療方法的致病微生物及其毒素。與上述情況類(lèi)似的不明微生物接觸，也必須在P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室中進(jìn)行。正因?yàn)槿绱?，有人把P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室叫做“魔鬼實(shí)驗(yàn)室”，這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室中裝有特殊的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)入這里的空氣溫度與濕度都是預(yù)先設(shè)定好的，過(guò)濾程度達(dá)到99.999％，能保障空氣在整個(gè)環(huán)境中一小時(shí)循環(huán)多次。實(shí)驗(yàn)室采用定向負(fù)壓系統(tǒng)，其核心區(qū)的壓強(qiáng)達(dá)到負(fù)40帕，這樣實(shí)驗(yàn)室空氣的流動(dòng)，只能是通過(guò)過(guò)濾器從外面進(jìn)來(lái)，而保證實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)的空氣不向外流動(dòng)。
各地P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室的設(shè)計(jì)不盡相同，典型的P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室由更衣區(qū)、過(guò)濾區(qū)、緩沖區(qū)、消毒區(qū)、核心區(qū)組成。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室的四周裝有空氣過(guò)濾器。到達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的核心區(qū)，總共有10道門(mén)，里面的7道門(mén)是互鎖的，也就是說(shuō)，如果一道門(mén)沒(méi)有關(guān)好，另一道門(mén)肯定打不開(kāi)，這樣避免空氣的流通。更衣區(qū)依次為外更衣室、淋浴室和內(nèi)更衣室。消毒區(qū)為化學(xué)淋浴室，工作人員離開(kāi)主實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)首先經(jīng)過(guò)化學(xué)淋浴消毒正壓防護(hù)服表面。核心區(qū)任何相鄰的門(mén)之間都有自動(dòng)連鎖裝置，防止兩個(gè)相鄰的門(mén)被同時(shí)打開(kāi)。對(duì)于不能從更衣室攜帶進(jìn)出主實(shí)驗(yàn)室的材料、物品和器材，應(yīng)在主實(shí)驗(yàn)室墻上設(shè)置具有雙門(mén)結(jié)構(gòu)的高壓滅菌鍋、浸泡消毒槽、熏蒸室或帶有消毒裝置的通風(fēng)傳遞窗，以便進(jìn)行傳遞或消毒。核心區(qū)里配有生物安全柜、超低溫冰箱、離心機(jī)、電熱細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)柜、顯微鏡和實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)、小型動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室等。生物安全柜頂上有一個(gè)直徑0.5米左右的粗管子，直接通到房頂，它也是負(fù)壓狀態(tài)的，一些主要的操作都需要在生物安全柜中進(jìn)行。
從P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室拿出的相關(guān)的物品必須通過(guò)高壓滅菌鍋消毒后，再用潔凈袋充分包裝，然后通過(guò)傳遞窗傳到準(zhǔn)備間。離開(kāi)P4時(shí)，核心區(qū)的工作人員要相互間把全身從上到下消毒一遍才能走到緩沖間，在緩沖間除去外層防護(hù)服、口罩、外層手套，然后將這些放入滅菌容器或消毒袋內(nèi)。關(guān)閉實(shí)驗(yàn)室門(mén)之后，再取下防護(hù)眼鏡，將其放入傳遞窗進(jìn)行消毒。然后，工作人員經(jīng)過(guò)另外一個(gè)緩沖間，退到準(zhǔn)備間。在這里他們才可以取下身上所有的防護(hù)器具，立即在沐浴室洗澡后，才可離開(kāi)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室有嚴(yán)格、復(fù)雜的管理程序，為了保證P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室的安全，只有得到批準(zhǔn)和持有磁卡通行證的人才能進(jìn)入，有的通過(guò)指紋門(mén)禁系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入，而且所有出入的人員都由電腦記錄在案。
這56個(gè)生物安全實(shí)驗(yàn)室遍布世界五大洲，其中非洲大陸只有兩個(gè)，分別位于南非和加蓬。單論國(guó)家而言，美國(guó)多，有15個(gè)，其中包括一個(gè)正在建設(shè)中的、隸屬軍隊(duì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，還包括一個(gè)歸私人所有的P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，位于Texas Biomedical Research Institute，德州生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究所。
我國(guó)的一個(gè)P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，位于中科院武漢病毒所，目前尚在建設(shè)中。該實(shí)驗(yàn)室依托于武漢大學(xué)和中科院武漢病毒所的病毒學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，由世界排名的法國(guó)P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室合作建設(shè)，前期基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)投入約2億。
根據(jù)媒體報(bào)道，如果進(jìn)展順利，該實(shí)驗(yàn)室到今年年底會(huì)有一個(gè)階段性的成果，但是距離能夠使用還有一段距離。相信目前的埃博拉疫情必須會(huì)推動(dòng)該實(shí)驗(yàn)室的建設(shè)速度。
除了埃博拉病毒，一些高致病性病毒，如馬爾堡病毒、拉薩（Lassa）病毒、克里米亞-剛果出血熱病毒、玻利維亞和阿根廷出血熱病毒等都必須要在P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室操作。
